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 Tension-type Headache       Tension Headache is the most common type of primary headaches (i.e headaches that aren't caused by or due to another medical problem)  They are usually mild to moderate in intensity. It's usually felt as a tight band around the head. It doesn't cause nausea or vomiting. Other types of primary headaches are cluster headaches , and migraine . Types: Tension-type headache is classified into three main types 1) Infrequent episodic tension-type headache:  Headaches occur in a frequency that is less than a day/month. 2) Frequent episodic tension-type headache: occurs in a frequency of 1- 14 day per month. 3) Chronic tension-type headache: Headaches occur at a frequency of 15 day or more per month.  Why Tension-type headache occurs: The exact cause of tension-type headache is still unknown , but sensitization of pain receptors in the head and face are thought to responsible for episodic subtypes. While chronic tension-type headache is thought to be

MEMORY Humans are privileged by their unique ability to remember and store memories in their mind which enabled people to learn, develop, discover, invent, and create their civilizations throughout all ages and leave a legacy of knowledge that grows by time. So what are the types of memory we had? How memory works? And what parts of your brain are responsible for memory formation ?     There are 2 main types of memories : A)Implicit (reflexive) memory (= memory of which the person is unconscious or unaware). It includes  (1) Associative and nonassociative learning (2) Learned skills (= skill memory)  (3) Habits (e.g. driving cars becomes a habit by training and occurs automatically without need for conscious recall of information)  (4) Priming (= facilitationof recognition of words or objects by previous exposure to them). B)Explicit or declarative memory (= conscious recall of information) which includes the following types : (1)Short-term (primary or recent) memory : This is memory t

  Cluster Headache         Is a type of primary headache ( i.e headaches that aren't symptoms of an underlying disease). It's characterized by recurrent episodes of intense headaches, usually in one side, around the eye, very severe, and may be accompanied by eye congestion, redness, and watering.      This episodes usually lasts from weeks to months and is followed by long peiod of remission during which the headaches stop.      Cluster headaches occur in about 0.1% of the general population.  It's four times more common in males than females. It usually affects people between 20 -50 years, but can occur a any age. Other types of primary headaches include; Migraine and Tension-type headache . Pathophysiology:  * Its periodicity suggests role of the biologic clock within hypothalamus.   * PET studies identified involvement of posterior hypothalamus gray matter.   * Central disinhibition of nociceptive and autonomic pathways. Symptoms & signs: Cluster headaches are char

Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD is a disorder characterized by inattentiveness, overactivity and impulsiveness. Epidemiology: Affects 5-10 % of school age children Male to fetttale ratio is 1.5 -1 Diagnosis: The following symptoms have persisted for at least six months: A) Inattention: The child often: -Fails to give close attention to details, or makes careless mistakes in school work, or other activities. -Does not listen when spoken to directly. -Does not follow instructions and fails to finish school work. B) Hyperactivity: The child often: -Fidgets with hands and or feet or squirms in seat. -Leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected. - Runs or climbs excessively in inappropriate situations. -Acts as if "driven byamotor" C) Impulsivity: The child often: - Gives answers before questions have been completed. - Interrupts or intrudes on others. Types: 1.